COCOS NUCIFERA
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
The coconut palm, scientifically known as Cocos nucifera, is a tall, slender tree from the Arecaceae family, reaching heights of 20–22 meters (65–72 ft) with leaves that can grow up to 6 meters (20 ft) long. It features a smooth, grayish-brown trunk measuring 30 to 45 centimeters (12 to 18 inches) in diameter. The flowers of the coconut palm are arranged in a spadix and include female flowers, which produce the coconut fruit, and male flowers, which generate pollen. The coconut fruit is a large drupe, measuring 15-20 cm (6–8 inches) in diameter and 20–30 cm (8–12 inches) long, consisting of a hard shell (endocarp), a fibrous husk (exocarp), and a soft, edible inner layer (endosperm) that surrounds the liquid-filled cavity known as coconut water. The seed is structured with the endocarp, exocarp, and a germination pore for seedling emergence.
COMMON NAMES
Coconut palm (English)
LOCAL NAME
Kube(Twi), Kube(Fante), Agone(Ewe)
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
The presence of condensed tannins, epicatechin, and catechin, all of which are known to have anthelmintic qualities, was shown by the phytochemical analysis of the liquid from green coconut husk fiber (LGCHF) extract. Alkaloids, tannins, and steroids were among the phytochemicals found in the methanol extract of the white meat of Cocos nucifera. These phytochemicals most likely play a part in the extract's reported antimalarial effects. The following substances were found in the low molecular weight, petroleum ether extractable, hydro distillable, and ketones of the coconut water from the green and yellow kinds of Cocos nucifera: alcohols, ketones, thiols, carboxylic acids, phenols, and esters. Auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, and other phytohormones are among the sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) as well as vitamins, minerals, and amino acids that are present in coconut water.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
ETHNOMEDICINAL USES
In addition to its traditional uses as an antimicrobial and antifungal treatment for ringworms, psoriasis, and candidiasis, coconut oil is also used as part of an anti-aging regimen to keep skin youthful and soft, and to treat hair and scalp issues ranging from dandruff to baldness. Other traditional uses of coconut include its use as a diuretic, an antidote for pesticide poisoning, a treatment for colitis, stomach acidity, and kidney stones, as well as a diuretic. Additionally, the consumption of coconut flesh, milk, and honey is thought to increase libido in both men and women and is used to treat measles.
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
WOUND HEALING PROPERTIES
Coconut oil, when combined with silver sulphadiazine, significantly improves burn wound contraction and reduces epithelialization duration, making it an effective burn wound healer. Cocos nucifera has strong wound-healing properties due to its rich phytochemicals. These compounds have antibacterial, wound-healing, and antioxidant properties, supporting various stages of the healing process. Their synergistic effects may contribute to its healing properties.
ANTI-ULCEROGENIC ACTIVITY
The ethanolic extract of coconut demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic properties in rat models. It decreased paw edema and prevented stomach ulcers caused by indomethacin. The high lauric acid concentration of the extract revealed antibacterial properties against Helicobacter pylori and stabilized membranes. The study found that coconut milk, compared to coconut water, effectively reduced ulcers in male Wistar albino rats, with a 54% reduction, while sucralfate, a traditional cytoprotective drug, reduced ulcers by 56%. The ethanolic extract of Cocos nucifera significantly prevents aspirin-induced stomach ulcers in albino rats by lowering oxidative stress, promoting ulcer healing, and reducing the harmful effects of aspirin on the stomach mucosa.
ANTIPARASITIC ACTIVITY
Cocos nucifera extracts demonstrated significant anti-helminthic properties against intestinal worms Aspiculuris tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata in mice. Green coconut bark and butanol extracts showed 90.7% effectiveness, possibly due to triterpenes, saponins, and condensed tannins. Green coconut husk fiber (LGCHF) extract effectively prevents egg hatching and larval growth against Haemonchus contortus, but not sheep nematodes. The extract contains anthelmintic properties from catechin, epicatechin, and condensed tannins. Cocos nucifera husk fiber contains a polyphenol-rich extract that effectively inhibits Leishmania amazonensis growth, resulting in increased nitric oxide generation by infected macrophages and decreased association between macrophages and parasites.
ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY
Significant antimalarial activity was demonstrated by a methanol extract of the white meat of Cocos nucifera against Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. At a dosage of 10% v/v, aqueous decoctions of C. nucifera leaves demonstrated anti-plasmodial efficacy against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The Cocos nucifera variety’s ethyl acetate fraction has strong antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum W2 and Plasmodium berghei NK65, reducing parasitemia by over 50%.
ANALGESIC ACTIVITY
Cocos nucifera husk fiber crude extracts exhibit antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, with Naloxone blocking the antinociceptive effect and crude extract preventing serotonin and histamine-induced rat paw edema. Significantly greater response times in the hot plate test and less writhing in mice after acetic acid treatment were two other signs of hydro methanol extract of Cocos nucifera antinociceptive effect. In the tail flick and hot plate tests, the extract, when given orally at dosages of 200 or 400 mg/kg, reduced the response to a heat stimulation and suppressed the writhing reaction generated by acetic acid.
ANTI- INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY
In the subcutaneous air pouch model, the aqueous extract of Cocos nucifera var. typica demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity by lowering cell migration, protein extravasation, and TNF-α production, as well as by considerably limiting the amount of time the animals spent licking the formalin-injected paws. Similar to the common medication diclofenac, the hydro methanol extract of Cocos nucifera showed notable and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect in paw edema models generated by carrageenan.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
The aqueous extract of Cocos nucifera var. typica showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC and MBC of 1,024 μg/ml. Coconut husk fiber extract and its high-catechin fraction inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Herpes simplex virus type 1, suggesting potential antiviral properties. A variety of bacteria and fungi, including Aspergillus niger, Candida tropicalis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were shown to be susceptible to the antibacterial action of an extract from Cocos nucifera, or coconut. The Cocos nucifera extract's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also assessed.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) photometric test, the aqueous extract of Cocos nucifera demonstrated an antioxidant capacity in vitro that was equivalent to the standards quercetin, rutin, and ascorbic acid. The antioxidant properties of Cocos nucifera endocarp extracts, including ethanolic, dry distilled, and aqueous forms, are attributed to the presence of phenolic substances like epicatechin, catechin, and B-type procyanidins. Cocos nucifera water exhibits antioxidant properties, scavenging free radicals, preventing lipid peroxidation, and shielding hemoglobin from nitrite oxidation. Fresh Cocos nucifera water samples have high antioxidant activity.
CARDIOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY
Coconut oil and its derivatives, rich in antioxidants like polyphenols and tocopherols, and medium-chain fatty acids, have cardioprotective properties, reducing oxidative stress. Chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid are examples of phenolic compounds found in Cocos nucifera endocarp that may contribute to its vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects. These compounds may also provide cardio protection by enhancing endothelial function and nitric oxide bioavailability, both of which are hampered in hypertension and atherosclerosis.
NEUROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY
The study of Cocos nucifera's neuroprotective properties in a rat model of alcohol-induced Alzheimer's disease revealed that its extracts, including lauric acid, reverse cognitive impairments, synaptic loss, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal death. This lessens the signs and symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Nuciferol B, a new epimer isolated from Cocos nucifera, exhibits neuroprotective properties against t-BHP-induced cell death in N2a cells, likely due to its distinct cyclosesquineolignan skeleton. The hydroalcoholic extract of Cocos nucifera husk fiber exhibits antidepressant-like effects in mice due to its antioxidant and neurotrophic properties, with polyphenolic chemicals like catechin and chlorogenic acid likely responsible.
ANTI-OBESITY ACTIVITY
Research showed that the presence of polyphenolic antioxidants, coconut oil and its derivatives have shown anti-obesity benefits through better glucose metabolism and increased energy expenditure. The anti-obesity properties of coconut oil are ascribed to the presence of phenolic substances such as salicylic acid, rutin, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, together with caprylic, capric, and lauric fatty acids. The oil significantly reduced body weight, BMI, and blood lipid markers, possibly due to its high lauric acid content.
RENO PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY
Cocos nucifera water reduced the negative effects of a mother's high-fat diet on children's kidney function, improving blood urea, creatinine levels, and potentially having reno-protective potential. The study found that unfermented coconut blossom sap powder has nephroprotective properties against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. It contains phytochemicals that inhibit lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and antioxidants, potentially making it a potential natural therapeutic agent for chronic kidney diseases. Rats exposed to diclofenac-induced oxidative nephrotoxicity showed nephroprotective efficacy against virgin coconut oil due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Virgin coconut oi therapy reduced urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde levels, reinstated antioxidant enzyme activities, and protected kidneys from oxidative damage.
ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY
Cocos nucifera endocarp's ethanolic extract showed vasorelaxant effects on rat aorta rings, reducing systolic blood pressure in hypertension-induced rats via cyclooxygenase, muscarinic receptor activation, or nitric oxide/guanylate cyclase pathways. Coconut cake globulin hydrolysates from Cocos nucifera have strong antihypertensive effects, with bioactive peptides Pro-Gln-Phe-Tyr-Trp and Val-Val-Leu-Tyr-Arg causing antihypertensive effects. These peptides protect vascular endothelial cells from oxidative damage and decrease endothelin-1 levels.
ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY
The hydro-methanol extract of Cocos nucifera showed antidiabetic and antioxidant properties in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, attributed to its bioactive components like flavonoids and phenolics. Coconut water, a green dwarf variant, has been found to maintain blood glucose levels, lower glycated hemoglobin levels, and increase body weight in rats with diabetes caused by alloxan. Cocos nucifera inflorescence's antioxidant properties, including flavonoids, alkaloids, resins, and phenolic compounds, have been found to effectively lower hyperglycemia in diabetic rats.
ANTI-CANCER ACTIVITY
Cocos nucifera exhibited strong anticancer activity, with more cytotoxic action against HeLa cervical cancer cells compared to tamoxifen. The ethanol extract of Cocos nucifera blossom showed dose-dependent anti-cancer properties on human lung cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 90.2 μg/ml and growth inhibitory impact of up to 96.15%. Significant in vitro anticancer activity was demonstrated by the biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) against HepG2 cell lines, which were synthesized using an extract from coconut pulp (Cocos nucifera).
TOXICITY PROFILE
Cocos nucifera oil and its compounds are safe for cosmetic use when concentrated and used as directed. Oral toxicity studies show no significant skin or eye irritation, phototoxicity, or sensitization. Since there was no evidence of acute oral toxicity in the animals under test, the white meat extract of Cocos nucifera was deemed toxicologically safe for oral administration.
DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION
Not reported
CLINICAL VALIDATED USES
Not reported
REFERENCES
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