JASMINUM OFFICINALE
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Jasminum officinale is a shrub that grows up to 0.4-5 meters with angular or grooved branchlets. Its leaves are opposite and imparipinnate, ranging from 5-12.5 cm in length. The plant has 7-11 leaflets, with the terminal being rhomboid-ovate or lanceolate, acute, or acuminate. The flowers are white and often tinged with pink, measuring 3-3.8 cm across. The pedicels are 1.3-2.5 cm long, and the calyx is 5-10 mm long and glabrous. The corolla tube is 1.8-2.5 cm long, with five elliptic or ovate lobes. Jasminum officinale, a native Asia plant, is cultivated for its fragrant flowers in various regions, including the Mediterranean, Caucasus, Northern Persia, Eastern Afghanistan, and India.
TAXONOMY
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Jasminum
Species: Jasminum
Botanical Name: Jasminum officinale
COMMON NAMES
English: Common jasmine, Jasmine, Jessamine, Poet's jasmine, Sumer jasmine, White jasmine
LOCAL NAMES
Nil
ETHNOBOTANICAL USES
Jasminum officinale has been traditionally used for medicinal purposes, including chewing leaves to alleviate aphthous stomatitis, toothache, and mouth ulcers, and applying leaf juice to treat various ailments, and as a CNS depressant, sedative, mild anesthetic, and astringent. It was also used to treat respiratory issues, dysmenorrhea, labor pains, uterine disorders, skin problems, and muscular spasms.
PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS
Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the aqueous extract of Jasminum officinale leaves has revealed a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids (such as gallic acid and quercetin), tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, emodine, leucoanthocyanins, steroids, anthocyanins, phlobatannins, essential oils, and saponins. Additionally, cell-free extracts from callus cultures of Jasminum officinale demonstrated epoxidase activity with various substrates, including isopentenyl pyrophosphate, isopentenol, geraniol, and nerol, as well as hydratase activity toward the resulting terpene oxides. In the buds of Jasminum officinale var. grandiflorum, six iridoid glycosides were identified, including jasgranoside B, 6-O-methyl-catalpol, deacetyl asperulosidic acid, aucubin, 8-dehydroxy shanzhiside, and loganin. The dried leaves of this variety also contain a range of secoiridoid glucosides, lignans, and alcohols, along with compounds like oleuropeina, ligstrosides, and oleoside dimethyl esters. Furthermore, six secoiridoids and seven glycosides were isolated from the flowers of Jasminum officinale var. grandiflorum, including notable compounds such as jasgranoside, jaspolyoside, kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl, and oleuropein, highlighting the plant's rich phytochemical profile and potential medicinal value.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT
The ethanolic extracts of Jasminum officinale revealed antibacterial activity against four bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 2 mg/ml, of the n-butanol fraction showing greater activity than ampicillin. The chloroform fraction also showed significant antibacterial activity.
ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT
The extract of Jasminum officinale leaves showed significant antioxidant potential in vitro, with IC50 values of 41.16, 30.29, 20.19, and 29.48 μg/ml, compared to standard ascorbic acid, with similar IC50 values. The study evaluated the antioxidant properties of Jasminum officinale extracts using hydrogen peroxide and DPPH scavenging methods, finding that the ethanolic extract showed superior activity.
ANTIVIRAL EFFECT
Studies showed that Jasminum officinale flowers exhibits antiviral properties, the compound oleuropein inhibits hepatitis B surface antigen secretion in HepG2 cells and reduces viremia in duck hepatitis B virus-infected ducklings. 8-Epik, derived from Jasminum officinale buds, demonstrated antiviral effects by inhibiting HBsAg secretion in HepG2 cells and reducing viremia in DHBV-infected ducklings at doses of 40 or 80 mg/kg intraperitoneally.
INSECTICIDAL EFFECT
The study tested the larvicidal efficacy of Jasminum officinale extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, with LC50 values of 3136.68 mg/l and 6231.08 mg/l. Jasminum officinale flower extracts were tested against Aedes aegypti larvae, with methanolic extract showing 20% mortality after 48 hours at 8000 mg/l concentration.
ANTIFERTILITY ACTIVITY
The study evaluated the impact of an aqueous extract from fresh floral buds of Jasminum officinale on female rat fertility. It found that oral doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg led to a dose-dependent decrease in implantation without causing complete infertility. The extract did not induce significant teratogenic effects when administered during pregnancy days 8-20. There were no fetal abnormalities or changes in fetal weight or length observed. The extract notably lowered serum progesterone levels on day 5 of pregnancy, which correlated with its anti-implantation effects.
TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE
Jasminum officinale, commonly known as common jasmine, is generally considered safe for use in perfumery, aromatherapy, and traditional medicine. Consuming large amounts of jasmine essential oil orally is not recommended due to potential toxicity, particularly benzyl acetate, which can cause gastrointestinal distress and neurological symptoms.
CLINICAL VALIDATED USES AND DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION
Not reported
REFERENCES
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Butnariu, M. (2021). Plants as a source of essential oils and perfumery applications. Bioprospecting of Plant Biodiversity for Industrial Molecules, 261–292.
Din, N. C. (2006). Extraction of Essential Oils from Jasmine Flower Using Supercritical Co2 Co-solvent Extraction.
Dubey, P., Tiwari, A., Gupta, S. K., & Watal, G. (2016). Phytochemical and biochemical studies of Jasminum officinale leaves. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7(6), 2632.
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Hussain, M., Bakhsh, H., Aziz, A., Majeed, A., Khan, I. A., Mujeeb, A., & Farooq, U. (2013). Comparative In vitro study of antimicrobial activities of flower and whole plant of Jasminum officinale against some human pathogenic microbes. Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, 2(4), 33–43.
Iqbal, M., Ghosh, A., & Saluja, A. (1993). Antifertility activity of the floral buds of Jasminum officinale var. Grandiflorum in rats. Phytotherapy Research, 7(1), 5–8.
Preethi, E. A., Raveen, R., Arivoli, S., Tennyson, S., & Madhanagopal, R. (2014). Larvicidal efficacy of jasminum sp.[Oleaceae] flower extracts against the Dengue and Chikungunya vector Aedes aegypti L.[Diptera: Culicidae]. Med Chem, 4, 672–675.
Raveen, R., Samuel, T., Arivoli, S., & Madhanagopal, R. (2015). Evaluation of mosquito larvicidal activity of Jasminum species (Oleaceae) crude extracts against the filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 2(4), 24–28.
Shekhar, S., & Prasad, M. (2015a). Comparative analysis of antioxidant properties of jasmine species by hydrogen peroxide assay. European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, 3(2), 26–29.
Shekhar, S., & Prasad, M. (2015b). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Jasminum species using solvent extracts against clinical pathogens. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci, 4(11).
Shoukat, S., Kamal, S., Bibi, I., Akhter, N., Rehman, S., & Khalid, M. (2023). Jasmine. In Essentials of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops (pp. 909–934). Springer.
Shukla, R. (2013). Jasminum officinale linn-ayurvedic aproach.
Tanahashi, T., Sakai, T., Takenaka, Y., Nagakura, N., & Chen, C.-C. (1999). Structure elucidation of two secoiridoid glucosides from Jasminum officinale L. var. Grandiflorum (L.) Kobuski. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 47(11), 1582–1586.
Zhao, G., Yin, Z., & Dong, J. (2009). Antiviral efficacy against hepatitis B virus replication of oleuropein isolated from Jasminum officinale L. var. Grandiflorum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 125(2), 265–268.
ZHAO, G., YIN, Z., LIU, L., MAO, X., & SU, Z. (2013). Anti-hepatitis B Virus Activity of 8-epi-Kingiside in Jasminum officinale var. Grandiflorum. Chinese Herbal Medicines, 5(1), 53–57.
Zhao, G.-Q., Yin, Z.-F., & Dong, J.-X. (2008). A new secoiridoid from the flowers of Jasminum officinale L. var. Grandiflorum. Yao Xue Xue Bao= Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 43(5), 513–517.
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